In the Interest of D.A.V. and N.B.V., Children, 04-25-00833-CV, April 22, 2026.
On appeal from 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Synopsis
The Fourth Court of Appeals affirmed a SAPCR modification order appointing the father sole managing conservator because the mother’s pro se amended brief did not satisfy Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1 and the appellate record did not include the reporter’s record from the actual modification hearing. Without record citations, legal authority, substantive analysis, or the relevant reporter’s record, the court held that the appellant presented nothing for review and waived any appellate complaints.
Relevance to Family Law
For Texas family law litigators, this opinion is a reminder that appellate outcomes in custody and modification cases often turn as much on preservation and record management as on the merits. The case is directly relevant to SAPCR modifications, divorce decrees with conservatorship provisions, post-divorce custody litigation, and, by extension, any family-law appeal in which the challenged ruling depends on live testimony from a final hearing. If the appellant fails to bring forward the reporter’s record from the operative hearing or submits a brief that does not comply with Rule 38.1, the court of appeals is unlikely to reach the merits—even in a parent-child case and even where the appellant is pro se.
Case Summary
Fact Summary
This appeal arose from a modification of a prior SAPCR order. The trial court signed a modification order appointing the father, J.A.V.S., as sole managing conservator and the mother, C.R., as possessory conservator. The order reflected that the modification hearing occurred on November 20, 2025.
After perfecting appeal, the mother filed an initial brief that did not comply with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1. The court struck that brief and ordered rebriefing, specifically warning that the amended brief had to comply with the appellate rules. The mother then filed an amended brief, but that filing still lacked a fact statement supported by record citations and still failed to present a proper legal argument with citations to authorities and the appellate record.
The record problem was equally significant. Although the modification order was based on a November 20, 2025 hearing, the appellate record did not contain the reporter’s record from that hearing. Instead, the only reporter’s records filed related to hearings from 2023 and 2024 that culminated in an earlier final SAPCR order signed on February 14, 2024. In other words, the appellate court had no transcript of the hearing that actually led to the order under review.
The mother’s amended brief also focused on allegations concerning the father’s conduct from 2010 to 2015, but the appellate record before the court did not contain evidence about those matters. Faced with deficient briefing and an incomplete record, the Fourth Court concluded there was nothing to review.
Issues Decided
- Whether a pro se appellant preserves appellate complaints when her amended brief omits record citations, legal authority, and substantive legal analysis required by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1.
- Whether the court of appeals can review complaints about a SAPCR modification order when the appellate record does not include the reporter’s record from the modification hearing that produced the order.
- Whether the court should excuse the briefing defects because the appellant was proceeding pro se and had already been given an opportunity to amend.
Rules Applied
The court relied primarily on Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1, particularly the requirements that an appellant’s brief include a factual statement supported by record references and a clear, concise argument with citations to legal authorities and to the appellate record. The opinion reiterates the settled rule that inadequate briefing waives appellate complaints.
The court also applied the longstanding principle that pro se litigants are held to the same procedural standards as licensed attorneys. For that proposition, it cited Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978), while acknowledging the Texas Supreme Court’s more recent guidance that courts should read pro se filings with liberality and attempt to reach the merits when reasonably possible.
The court discussed that balancing through Li v. Pemberton Park Community Association, 631 S.W.3d 701 (Tex. 2021) (per curiam), and Horton v. Stovall, 591 S.W.3d 567 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). Those cases recognize both that courts should be patient with pro se litigants and that appellate courts retain discretion to deem issues waived rather than allow endless amendment or rebriefing.
The court also cited its own prior decisions holding that when an appellant fails to provide record citations, legal authority, or substantive analysis, the brief presents nothing for review. Among those authorities were Tindell v. Hildebrandt, No. 04-23-00414-CV, 2025 WL 1063115 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 9, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op.), In re S.R.V., No. 04-17-00556-CV, 2018 WL 626533 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 31, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.), Williams v. Stiles, No. 04-18-00575-CV, 2020 WL 1277701 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 18, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.), and Phillips Motors Co. v. Million Auto Parts, No. 04-19-00391-CV, 2020 WL 1159062 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 11, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Application
The Fourth Court approached the appeal as a briefing-and-record case, not a merits case. It first noted that the mother had already been given one opportunity to correct her deficient briefing. Her original brief was struck. The court then expressly cautioned her that any amended brief had to comply with Rule 38.1. Even after that warning, the amended brief still omitted the basic components that allow appellate review: a fact section grounded in the record, developed legal argument, and citations to authority and to the appellate record.
The court then turned to the separate but equally dispositive defect in the appellate record. The order being challenged was a November 2025 modification order, but the reporter’s records provided on appeal related only to earlier proceedings that culminated in a February 2024 SAPCR order. That meant the appellate court could not know what evidence, testimony, credibility determinations, or arguments were before the trial court at the actual modification hearing. In a conservatorship modification appeal, that omission is usually fatal because the abuse-of-discretion review necessarily depends on the evidentiary record from the challenged hearing.
The court also observed that the appellant’s brief discussed allegations about the father’s conduct from 2010 to 2015, but the record before the court contained no evidence on those subjects. That disconnect reinforced the conclusion that the amended brief did not merely present arguments imperfectly; it failed to tie any complaint to the actual appellate record or the hearing that produced the order under review.
Although the court acknowledged the Supreme Court’s instruction to construe pro se filings liberally and to reach the merits where reasonably possible, it concluded that this was not a case of a harmless or technical defect. The appellant had already been afforded rebriefing, had been warned of the consequences, and still failed to furnish both a compliant brief and the operative reporter’s record. Under those facts, the court exercised its discretion to treat the issues as waived.
Holding
The court held that the mother’s amended brief presented nothing for appellate review because it did not comply with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1. Specifically, the brief lacked record citations, legal authority, and substantive legal analysis sufficient to preserve any complaint for appellate consideration.
The court further held that the absence of the reporter’s record from the November 20, 2025 modification hearing independently prevented meaningful review of the trial court’s modification order. Because the appellate record did not contain the evidence considered at the hearing that produced the challenged order, the court could not evaluate the mother’s complaints on the merits.
Based on those defects, the court affirmed the modification order appointing the father sole managing conservator and the mother possessory conservator.
Practical Application
This opinion is especially useful for family-law appellate strategy because it highlights a recurring problem in SAPCR and divorce-related appeals: litigants often focus on the perceived unfairness of the trial court’s result while underestimating the procedural rigor required to obtain appellate review. In conservatorship modifications, enforcement proceedings, relocation disputes, and final custody determinations, the appellate record must track the exact hearing that produced the challenged ruling. Filing transcripts from earlier temporary-orders hearings, prior final orders, or unrelated proceedings will not substitute for the operative reporter’s record.
For trial lawyers, the case is also a reminder that appellate risk management begins before notice of appeal is filed. If the final order follows a contested evidentiary hearing, counsel should ensure the court reporter is identified, the hearing date is clear in the order, and the client understands that an appeal without the relevant transcript may be functionally unwinnable. For appellate counsel stepping into a case post-judgment, one of the first tasks should be matching each complained-of ruling to the clerk’s record and the precise reporter’s record needed for review.
The case also has practical consequences when dealing with pro se opponents. Family-law practitioners frequently encounter pro se appellants in SAPCR matters. This opinion confirms that while courts may extend some patience, they will not rewrite arguments, search the record, or reconstruct a missing evidentiary basis. If the opposing party’s brief is noncompliant, appellee’s counsel should consider squarely raising waiver under Rule 38.1 and pointing out any absence of the reporter’s record from the dispositive hearing.
Finally, this decision has broader relevance beyond custody modification. The same logic applies in divorce property division appeals, reimbursement disputes, characterization issues, attorney’s fee challenges, and post-judgment enforcement appeals. If the complained-of ruling depends on testimony or admitted exhibits, a deficient brief combined with an incomplete record will often end the appeal before the merits begin.
Checklists
Appellate Record Control in SAPCR Modifications
- Identify the exact hearing date that produced the appealed order.
- Confirm that the notice of appeal, docketing statement, and record requests all correspond to that hearing.
- Request the reporter’s record for every setting relevant to the challenged ruling, including any continuation dates.
- Verify whether exhibits admitted at the modification hearing were included with the reporter’s record.
- Cross-check the trial court’s order against the appellate record to ensure the correct proceeding has been transcribed.
- If the hearing was not recorded or the record is incomplete, address that problem immediately through the available appellate rules and procedures.
Rule 38.1 Briefing Compliance
- Include a statement of facts supported by accurate clerk’s-record and reporter’s-record citations.
- Frame each issue presented with enough specificity to identify the complained-of ruling.
- Provide a legal argument under each issue with authority tied to the applicable standard of review.
- Cite the precise portions of the appellate record showing preservation, evidence, objections, and rulings.
- Explain why the cited law applies to the actual facts in the record rather than offering only conclusory assertions.
- Confirm that the brief challenges the appealed order, not earlier orders or general grievances outside the record.
Preservation and Merits Alignment
- Tie each appellate issue to a ruling that appears in the judgment or order under review.
- Confirm that any complaint was preserved in the trial court through objection, request, motion, or other required procedure.
- Avoid relying on facts that are not in the appellate record.
- Distinguish between complaints about earlier temporary or final orders and complaints about the later modification order actually on appeal.
- Make sure the appellate theory matches the trial-level complaint and the available record.
Defending Against a Deficient Family-Law Appeal
- Evaluate whether the appellant’s brief lacks record citations, legal authority, or substantive analysis.
- Determine whether the appellate record includes the reporter’s record from the dispositive hearing.
- Highlight Rule 38.1 defects clearly in the appellee’s brief.
- Emphasize any disconnect between the appellant’s factual assertions and the actual appellate record.
- Argue waiver where the appellant has been given an opportunity to rebrief and still fails to comply.
- In abuse-of-discretion cases, stress that the missing reporter’s record prevents meaningful review of evidentiary sufficiency and discretionary determinations.
Client Counseling After an Adverse Family-Law Judgment
- Explain that an appeal is limited to the appellate record, not the client’s broader narrative.
- Advise the client that the operative hearing transcript is often indispensable.
- Discuss the cost and necessity of obtaining the full reporter’s record promptly.
- Set realistic expectations about appellate review when preservation or record defects exist.
- If record defects cannot be cured, evaluate alternative post-judgment strategies rather than pursuing a weak appeal.
Citation
In the Interest of D.A.V. and N.B.V., Children, No. 04-25-00833-CV, 2026 WL ___ (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 22, 2026, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).
Full Opinion
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