Castillo v. State, 07-25-00074-CR, March 17, 2026.
On appeal from the 137th District Court Lubbock County, Texas.
Synopsis
A trial objection that the proponent “failed to lay a proper predicate” is too general to preserve a Rule 702/Daubert reliability complaint about an expert’s methodology or the fit of the opinion to the case. The Seventh Court held that to preserve error, counsel must articulate how the expert opinion is unreliable (or irrelevant), not merely that a “predicate” is missing.
Relevance to Family Law
Family cases routinely turn on expert-driven causation and pattern-recognition opinions—child abuse pediatrics, psychological evaluations, substance testing, valuation, vocational capacity, and medical causation in SAPCR modification and termination proceedings. Castillo is a preservation trap: if your trial objection sounds like “foundation/predicate,” you may forfeit a later appellate attack on reliability, even where the testimony is experience-based and the literature is thin. The case is also a reminder that courts will often treat cross-examination as the primary tool once the expert clears a minimal reliability threshold—so the gatekeeping fight must be framed precisely and early.
Case Summary
Fact Summary
The defendant was convicted of aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury to his nineteen-month-old stepdaughter by scalding her with hot water. The State presented burn-center testimony from Dr. John Griswold, medical director of a burn center, who described the child’s third- and fourth-degree burns over roughly forty percent of her body and opined the injuries were consistent with intentional immersion/submersion rather than accident. A key opinion was timing: based on water temperature and burn depth (including burns into muscle), Dr. Griswold testified the child would have had to be held in hot water for “several minutes at least,” contradicting the defendant’s account that the exposure was brief while he stepped away.
Outside the jury’s presence, defense counsel cross-examined Dr. Griswold on the limits of scald-burn literature (noting much is industrial rather than clinical), confronted him with studies that arguably differed from his time/temperature opinions, and elicited that his opinion was grounded substantially in training and clinical experience. At the end of the hearing, counsel objected to the time-and-temperature testimony “due to failure to lay a proper predicate,” requested a running objection on that same basis, and the trial court overruled.
Issues Decided
- Whether an “improper predicate” / “failure to lay a proper predicate” objection preserves an appellate complaint that expert testimony is unreliable under Texas Rule of Evidence 702 (Daubert/Robinson/Kelly reliability concepts).
- If preserved, whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the burn expert’s time-to-injury opinion as reliable.
Rules Applied
- Preservation (specificity required): Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (timely, specific objection); appellate complaint must comport with trial objection.
- General objection exception: A general objection preserves error only when the legal basis is obvious to the court and opposing counsel (citing Gonzalez and Pena).
- Expert admissibility framework: Tex. R. Evid. 702 (qualification, reliability, relevance) (citing Vela and Rhomer).
- Insufficient basis for expert opinion: Tex. R. Evid. 705(c) (opinion inadmissible if underlying facts/data do not provide sufficient basis).
- Scientific reliability factors (criminal analogue to Robinson): Kelly v. State factors (acceptance, literature, error rate, testability/availability of evaluation, clarity, and the expert’s skill/experience).
- Gatekeeping vs. cross-examination: courts do not replace cross-examination with gatekeeping once reliability is adequately shown (citing Wolfe).
- Predicate objection too general: reliance on authorities treating “predicate” objections as failing to specify the deficiency (including Teixeira and older CCA evidentiary cases).
Application
The Seventh Court treated preservation as the lead problem. It reasoned that “predicate” objections are typically aimed at foundational requirements for admitting exhibits (recordings, photos, physical evidence)—not the Rule 702 triad of qualifications, reliability, and relevance. Because expert challenges are framed in Rule 702 terms, an objection that the State “failed to lay a proper predicate” did not tell the trial judge (or the State) whether the complaint was: (1) an unreliable methodology, (2) insufficient underlying facts/data, (3) improper application of principles to facts, or (4) relevance/fit. In other words, the objection did not “communicate with sufficient clarity” what needed to be corrected—additional voir dire, a different line of proof, a limiting instruction, or exclusion.
The court then addressed the merits in the alternative. Applying Kelly and leaning on Wolfe, it held the trial court could reasonably find reliability based on the expert’s deep burn-center experience, training at verified burn centers, extensive publication record, and a pattern-recognition methodology consistent with burn specialists’ practice. The court acknowledged the defense’s points—limited clinical literature and no defined error rate—but held those weaknesses went to weight and were appropriately explored through cross-examination. Corroboration from another physician (child abuse pediatrics) who described immersion-burn pattern recognition also supported admission.
Holding
First, the court held the “failure to lay a proper predicate” objection was not sufficiently specific to preserve a Rule 702 reliability (or relevance) complaint. Because the trial objection did not identify the particular reliability defect, it did not satisfy Tex. R. App. P. 33.1’s specificity requirement.
Second, assuming preservation, the court held the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the expert’s time-to-burn-severity opinion. Considering Kelly factors and the expert’s specialized experience and training, the testimony had a sufficiently reliable foundation; weaknesses in literature support and error-rate proof were matters for cross-examination and jury weight.
Practical Application
In Texas family courts, expert testimony is the coin of the realm in high-conflict conservatorship disputes, child abuse/neglect cases, and termination trials—especially where a party needs (or must defeat) a medical-causation narrative. Castillo reinforces that preservation is a framing exercise: if you intend to raise a Daubert/Rule 702 attack on appeal, you must object in Rule 702 terms and explain the specific defect (data gap, methodological leap, improper extrapolation, lack of fit, or unreliable application).
Common family-law flashpoints where Castillo should change how you object:
- Child-injury narratives in SAPCRs: “Nonaccidental trauma,” bruising/burn patterns, fracture timing, “failure to protect,” or “mechanism inconsistent with history.” If you object “no proper predicate,” expect a waiver argument on appeal.
- Psychological experts and custody evaluators: complaints that the evaluator’s opinions are “not supported” must be translated into reliability terms (e.g., no validated instrument, improper differential diagnosis, cherry-picked collateral sources, failure to rule out confounders).
- Substance testing experts: reliability attacks must identify the analytical gap—chain-of-custody is not the same as scientific reliability, and “foundation” objections may preserve only the former.
- Business valuation and tracing: if the methodology (income approach inputs, discounts, normalization, or separate-property tracing assumptions) is the problem, say so explicitly; “predicate” may preserve nothing about the model’s reliability.
Strategically, the case also underscores a practical reality: if the judge is inclined to admit an experience-based expert, the battleground often shifts to cross-examination. That makes it even more important to (1) preserve a clean Rule 702 objection and (2) build a record showing the analytical gap between data and conclusion—because that is what appellate courts can evaluate for abuse of discretion.
Checklists
Preserve a Rule 702 Reliability Complaint (Not Just “Foundation”)
- Object expressly under Tex. R. Evid. 702 (and, if helpful, 705(c)).
- State whether you are challenging reliability, relevance/fit, or qualifications (or more than one).
- Identify the specific defect, such as:
- insufficient facts/data to support the opinion
- unreliable methodology (no standards, not accepted, untested, uncontrolled variables)
- failure to reliably apply the method to the facts (analytical gap)
- improper extrapolation beyond the literature/experience base
- Request a Rule 104(a) hearing outside the jury’s presence.
- Obtain a ruling on the objection (and on any request to voir dire the expert).
- If evidence comes in repeatedly, request a running objection that repeats the specific Rule 702 grounds (not “same predicate objection”).
Build the Appellate Record for an Expert-Reliability Challenge
- Voir dire the expert on:
- what methodology was used (not just conclusions)
- what data were relied upon and what data were missing
- whether the opinion is supported by literature/standards/guidelines
- alternative explanations and whether they were ruled out
- known or potential error rate and quality controls
- Offer learned treatises or literature through cross-examination where permitted to expose the analytical gap.
- If you have a rebuttal expert, make a clear offer of proof tying rebuttal testimony to the specific reliability defect.
- Ensure the reporter’s record captures the full reliability hearing, including exhibits used in voir dire.
Attack the Other Side’s “Experience-Based” Expert (Without Waiving)
- Separate predicate/foundation issues (e.g., records reviewed, authentication) from Rule 702 issues (methodology and fit).
- Use two objections when appropriate:
- “Objection, lack of foundation for what records/data were relied on …”
- “Objection under Rule 702/705(c): the opinion is unreliable because …”
- Ask the court to require the expert to articulate the steps from data to conclusion (to expose conclusory reasoning).
- Request limiting instructions only after you have preserved the primary reliability objection (limiting instructions can be treated as a fallback).
Citation
Castillo v. State, No. 07-25-00074-CR (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 17, 2026) (mem. op.) (not designated for publication).
Full Opinion
Family Law Crossover
Although Castillo is a criminal case, the preservation lesson is directly portable into Texas family practice—and it can be weaponized. If you represent the proponent of an expert in a custody or termination dispute, and opposing counsel objects only that you failed to lay a “proper predicate,” Castillo provides a ready-made argument on appeal (and often at trial) that the opponent never squarely raised a Rule 702 reliability complaint, so the trial judge had no obligation to conduct a Daubert-style gatekeeping analysis beyond what was requested. Conversely, if you are challenging the other side’s expert, Castillo is the cautionary tale: do not hand your opponent a waiver argument by using exhibit-style “predicate” language when your real target is methodological reliability or fit. In high-stakes SAPCRs—where a single expert can tip best-interest findings—this is the difference between a preserved reliability issue and an affirmance based on forfeiture.
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